Python Functions

Sort

alist.sort(key=lambda x: x.foo)

# Sort and return index
sorted(range(len(alist)), key=lambda k: alist[k])

# Sort by multiple attributes (age then name)
sorted_by_multiple = sorted(people, key=lambda p: (p.age, p.name))
print(f"Sorted by age then name: {sorted_by_multiple}")

from functools import cmp_to_key
sorted(mylist, key=cmp_to_key(lambda item1, item2: fitness(item1) - fitness(item2)))

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Binary Search

bisect — Array bisection algorithmPython documentation

import bisect

sorted_list = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]

# Find insertion point for 5 (leftmost)
index_left = bisect.bisect_left(sorted_list, 5)
# >> 2

# Find insertion point for 5 (rightmost)
index_right = bisect.bisect_right(sorted_list, 5)
# >> 3

# Insert 4 while maintaining sorted order
bisect.insort_left(sorted_list, 4)
# >> [1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9]

# Insert 6 while maintaining sorted order
bisect.insort_right(sorted_list, 6)
# >> [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9]

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Itertools

itertools — Functions creating iterators for efficient loopingPython documentation

​zip_longest()​	p, q, …	(p[0], q[0]), (p[1], q[1]), …	zip_longest('ABCD', 'xy',fillvalue='-') → Ax By C- D-
​accumulate()​	p [,func]	p0, p0+p1, p0+p1+p2, …	accumulate([1,2,3,4,5]) → 1 3 6 10 15

# python built-in:
a = [1, 2, 3]
b = ['a', 'b']

list(zip(a, b))
# [(1, 'a'), (2, 'b')]

itertools.zip_longest()

import itertools

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
cumulative_sum = itertools.accumulate(numbers)
print(list(cumulative_sum))  # Output: [1, 3, 6, 10, 15]

import operator

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
cumulative_product = itertools.accumulate(numbers, operator.mul)
print(list(cumulative_product))  # Output: [1, 2, 6, 24, 120]

values = [3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2]
cumulative_max = itertools.accumulate(values, max)
print(list(cumulative_max))  # Output: [3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 9, 9]

numbers = [1, 2, 3]
cumulative_sum_with_initial = itertools.accumulate(numbers, initial=10)
print(list(cumulative_sum_with_initial)) # Output: [10, 11, 13, 16]

Functools

from functools import lru_cache
@lru_cache(None)
def dfs(x):
    xxxxx